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''Bulbophyllum reflexipetalum (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Malaxideae), a new species from Xizang, China''

8/29/2019

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Ji-Dong Ya, Yong-Jie Guo, Cheng Liu, Jie Cai, Gui-Jun Dong, Hong Jiang & De-Zhu Li

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Bulbophyllum reflexipetalum        Photos:  J.-D. Ya
Abstract: Bulbophyllum reflexipetalum, a new species from Motuo County, Southeast Xizang, China, is described and illustrated here. This new species belongs to Bulbophyllum sect. Umbellata Bentham & J. D. Hooker, and it is morphologically similar to B. umbellatum Lindley, B. guttulatum (J. D. Hooker) N. P. Balakrishnan and B. salweenensis X.H. Jin, but is distinguished from them by having reflexed petals, base of dorsal sepal with 1 dentate on each side, lip with significantly revolute margin, adaxially with dark brown spots or patches and one longitudinal groove.
Bulbophyllum reflexipetalum is similar to B. salweenensis X.H. Jin, B. umbellatum Lindley and B. guttulatum (J. D. Hooker) N. P. Balakrishnan in terms of morphological structure and shape of the flowers. The new species can be distinguished from B. salweenensis by the absence of sheaths on the pseudobulbs and rhizome, scape longer than leaf and petals apex mucronate. It can be distinguished from B. umbellatum with smaller and flattened void or ovoid-conic pseudobulbs, shorter leaf blade, petals apex caudate. In addition, the new species can be distinguished from B. guttulatum with leaf blade oblong and apex emarginated, shorter pedicel and ovary, lip papillae with a single longitudinal ridge.
Note(b.info): Following G.A. Fischer & J.J. Vermeulen (2014), Bulbophyllum reflexipetalum and its related species belong to section Brachyantha Rchb.f.
Published in PhytoKeys 130: 33-39
https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.130.34153
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''Reproductive biology of a rare, fly-pollinated orchid, Bulbophyllum nipondhii Seidenf., in Thailand''

8/29/2019

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Wittaya Pakum, Anupan Kongbangkerd, Kanok-Orn Srimuang, Stephan W. Gale and Santi Watthana

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Pollination in Bulbophyllum nipondhii with a Megaselia sp.   
Photos by the authors
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Dimensions measured to assess morphological correspondence between flowers of Bulbophyllum niphondii and its pollinator, Megaselia sp.       ​Drawn by Wittaya Pakum
Abstract: The breeding system and pollination biology of a rare epiphytic orchid, Bulbophyllum nipondhii Seidenf., were investigated in Northeast Thailand. We demonstrate that the species is strongly, but not completely, self-incompatible, with a fruit-set of 5.0–5.7% following manual selfing and 65.0–65.7% following manual out-crossing, and that it requires a pollen vector for effective pollination in the wild. Natural fruit-set was 4.2–6.7%. The flowers are nectarless and emanate a faint scent reminiscent of decaying wood. The elastically-hinged lip acts as a seesaw balance which tips when a pollinator enters the flower, propelling the insect against the column. Effective pollinators were an unidentified female scuttle fly species, Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae), with the flowers apparently conforming to a sapromyiophilous pollination syndrome. Phoridae are herewith reported as pollinators of Bulbophyllum for the first time.
Published in Flora vol. 267 (?) (2019)
DOI: ​doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.151467
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''Bulbophyllum championii, a new species''

6/30/2019

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Rudolf Jenny

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Bulbophyllum championii     Photo: R. Amsler
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Bulbophyllum longicaudatum    Photos: R. Amsler
Abstract: Rudolf Jenny describes and illustrates Bulbophyllum championii, a new species from New Guinea. 
While visiting the huge orchid collection at Roland Amsler's nursery in Sirnach, Switzerland, the author saw many unusual and interesting Bulbophyllum species. One such was a large, golden-flowered species, which proved to be new to science. R. Jenny describes it here for the first time as B. championii.
Bulbophyllum championii is similar to B. longicaudatum and B. nasica, both of which were originally described under other names. In 1909, Johan Jacob Smith described and illustrated Bulbophyllum blumei var. pumilum in the journal Nova Guinea. When Rudolf Schlechter published his treatment of the orchids of New Guinea in 1913, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte, he raised Smith's Bulbophyllum blumei var. pumilum to the rank of species but changed the name to Bulbophyllum nasica because the name Bulbophyllum pumilum had already been used by Lindley in 1830. A second variety of Bulbophyllum blumei was published and illustrated by J.J. Smith in 1911, again in the journal Nova Guinea, as B. blumei var. longicaudatum. In 1914, Smith decided to accept this variety as a species in its own right and named it Bulbophyllum longicaudatum, in Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg.
Bulbophyllum longicaudatum and Bulbophyllum nasica are both in section Ephippium (Note: Following G.A. Fischer & J.J. Vermeulen 2014 and J.J. Vermeulen et al. 2014, both species belong to section Polymeres. Section Ephippium is now used by J.J.Verm. & P.O'Byrne (2014) for a group of species former members of the section Cirrhopetalum s.l.) and are almost identical, except for the size of the tails of the lateral sepals. Some authors treat the two binomials as synonyms, others treat them as two distinct species. Both concepts are very variable in flower colouration, and both are widley distributed in New Guinea.

Bulbophyllum championii is similar to B. longicaudatum. However, the flowers of B. championii are golden yellow. They are a third to double the size of those of B. longicaudatum, the lateral sepals are much broader with longer tails, and the petals have a distinctly warty surface.
Roland Amsler first saw this species in the orchid collection of Jeffery Champion in Bedugul, on the island of Bali. Roland aquired several plants, which later flowered in his collection.
Published in The Orchid Review, June 2019: 91 - 95.
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''New species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam II''

5/24/2019

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Leonid V. Averyanov, Khang Sinh Nguyen, Ba Vuong Truong, Van Canh Nguyen, Tatiana V. Maisak, Tran Huy Thai, Pham Thi Thanh Dat & Bao Ngan Tu

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Bulbophyllum layae     Photo: T. Ba Vuong
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Bulbophyllum metallica     Photo: L. Averyanov
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Bulbophyllum papilligerum     Photos: D. Slastunov & L. Averyanov
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Bulbophyllum alcicorne     Photos: Nguyen Van Canh
Abstract: Three species, Bulbophyllum layae, Bulbophyllum metallica and Bulbophyllum papilligerum (all from sect. Cirrhopetalum) are described as new for science. All of these novelties are local endemics of limestone areas of northern Vietnam.  Additionally, three species, Bulbophyllum alcicorne (sect. Brachystachya), Bulbophyllum psittacoglossum and Bulbophyllum yunnanense (both from sect. Sestochilus) are recorded for the flora of Vietnam for the first time. These species have wide distribution in mainland Asia. Data on ecology, phenology, distribution, brief relevant taxonomic notes, as well as color photographs, analytical plates of the type and voucher specimens are provided for all reported taxa. Lectotypification is provided for Bulbophyllum yunnanense.
Bulbophyllum layae superficially resembles juvenille specimens of widespread and variable B. pecten-veneris
(Gagnepain 1931: 6) Seidenfaden (1974: 37), but well differs in short inflorescence scape, as long, or little longer than flowers (vs. scape much longer than flowers), small flowers 2.5–3 cm long (vs. flowers more than 4 cm long) and dense setose white hairiness of basal half of the lip (vs. lip with no hairs). Very few known about new species ecology. Most probably new species like B. pecten-veneris inhabits limestone forests at elevation 500–1500 m.
Bulbophyllum metallica belongs to Bulbophyllum sect. Cirropetalum s.l. on the base of its floral morphology and formally allies to the group of species having short scape, few-flowered loose umbel-like inflorescence, entire margin of sepals and petals, simple lip and lateral sepals twisted at the base and connate on lower and upper edges. In eastern Indochina such combinations of morphological features exhibit such species as B. seidenfadenii A.D. Kerr, B. spathulatum (E.W. Cooper) Seidenf. and B. unciniferum Seidenf. From these species (as well as from other members of the section Cirropetalum) our plant strikingly differs in pendulous stems to 1.5 m long, narrowly cylindric, petiolelike pseudobulbs to 7 cm long (3–5.5 mm in diameter), long down hanging coriaceous leaves to 40 cm long with blue-green metallic shine on adaxial side and very shot scape, less than 1.5 cm long. Fleshy, hardly opening, white, purple speckled flowers are also very distinct from all other species known in Indochina. Even sterile plants are easy recognizable for amazing metallic blue or blue-green shining of adaxial leaf surface. For this remarkable character, plant was noted as a new species already in 2001 (LE01042169). However, plants with flowers used for appropriate description were found only seventeen years later. According to available data, new species is very rare plant growing usually along mountain streams in particular humid habitats.
Bulbophyllum papilligerum may be attributed to Bulbophyllum sect. Cirropetalum on the base of its obvious floral morphology. Among species of this section, it may be solely compared with Bulbophyllum flaviflorum (Tang, S. Liu & H.Y. Su) Seidenf., Bulbophyllum hirundinis (Gagnep.) Seidenf. and Bulbophyllum pecten-veneris (Gagnep.) Seidenf. (and Bulbophyllum fimbriperianthium W.M.Lin, Kuo Huang & T.P.Lin) From these species, discovered plant differs in erect scape (vs. scape pendulous or horizontal, down arching), headlike inflorescence (vs. umbellate inflorescence when flowers are spaced in one plane), smaller flowers 1.4–1.5 cm long (vs. flowers longer than 2 cm), lateral sepals free along lower margin, slightly broadening to obtuse or blunt apex (vs. lateral sepals joined along lower margin, tapering to acuminate or caudate apex), petals round at apex (vs. petals acute), bunch of fat long papillae on abaxial surface near petal apex (vs. petals ciliate or fimbriate along the margin, hairless on abaxial surface), adaxial surface of petal apex with many dense short conical glass-like papillae (vs. petal surface with no particular glass-like papillae), nor particular stelidia (vs. stelidia prominent, subulate), anther margin slightly erose (vs. frontal anther margin distinctly denticulate or fimbriate).
Published in Phytotaxa 404 (6): 231–244
DOI: ​https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.404.6.2
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''Bulbophyllum claviforme, a new species from Vietnam''

5/15/2019

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Ba Vuong Truong, Quam Tam Truong, Van Huong Bui & Jim Cootes

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Bulbophyllum calviforme     Photos: B.V. Truong
Abstract: The new species, Bulbophyllum claviforme, originated from Son La province and was cultivated in Ho Chi Minh City. The publication presents a detailed description and figures for this species. It differs from all known members of the Bulbophyllum alliance by the color of the flowers, the short inflorescence, and the clavate hairs along the margin of the dorsal sepal and petals.
Bulbophyllum claviforme resembles Bulb. pecten-veneris and Bulb. flaviflorum but differs in its flower color – yellowish orange vs red (Bulb. pectenveneris), yellowish green (Bulb. flaviflorum) – distinctly short inflorescence of Bulb. claviforme, which is as long, or little longer than flowers (vs. scape much longer than flowers of Bulb. pecten-veneris and Bulb. flaviflorum), small flower 20 – 25 mm long (vs flowers more than 40 mm long), the dense yellow clavate hairs along the margin of dorsal sepal and petals (vs fimbriate-ciliate edges of the margins of the dorsal sepal and petals of Bulb. pecten-veneris and Bulb. flaviflorum), dorsal sepal broadly ovate and acute apex (vs long caudate) and petals ovate, apex obtuse-rounded (vs ovate, apex acute).

It grows in Vietnam, Son La province in evergreen
broad-leaved humid forests as a epiphyte on tree branches where it flowers in August.

Published in Die Orchidee 5(07), 2019/E-Paper
https://orchidee.de/e-paper/taxonomische-mitteilungen/​

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''CAM plasticity in epiphytic tropical orchid species responding to environmental stress''

5/13/2019

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Shawn Tay, Jie He & Tim Wing Yam

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Fig. 2: Changes in Fv/Fm ratio in C. rochussenii (a), C. mayeriana (b), B. membranaceum (c), B. vaginatum (d), D. leonis (e), and P. cornu-cervi (f) over 21 weeks under drought and well-watered treatments at two different growth irradiances. Figures by the authors.
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Fig. 4: Changes in ETR (a–f), qP (g–l) and NPQ (m–r) of the six species after 2 and 7 weeks of drought and after 14 weeks of re-watering under moderate light. Figures by the authors.
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Fig. 10: Specimens of the six species studied with organs labelled: a C. rochussenii, b C. mayeriana, c B. membranaceum, d B. vaginatum, e D. leonis, f P. cornu-cervi. White bar at the bottom-left corner of each specimen image represents 5 cm. Photos by the authors

Background: To counteract its dramatic species endangerment caused by extensive loss of habitat, Singapore is currently re-introducing into nature some of the native orchids to conserve and improve their germplasm. A main challenge of re-introduction is growing and establishing these plants under natural conditions, which are semi-arid with periodic drought. In this study, six native species were examined, of which three, Bulbophyllum vaginatum, Dendrobium leonis and Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi, are viewed as CAM species while the other three, Coelogyne rochussenii, Coelogyne mayeriana, and Bulbophyllum membranaceum are usually characterized as C3 species. We aimed to compare their physiological responses to drought under two different light conditions: (1) moderate light (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD of 900 μmol m−2 s−1) and (2) low light (PPFD < 100 μmol m−2 s−1).

Results: After 7 weeks of drought under moderate light (DRML), photosynthetic light utilization was reduced in all six species, and relative water content (RWC) in leaves decreased to < 50% in CAM orchids, compared to > 50% in C3 species, while RWC in pseudobulbs (produced by 4 of the species) fell to < 50%. Both effects were reversed after 14 weeks of re-watering. Proline concentration in leaves increased in the CAM orchids and B. membranaceum (60–130 µmol g−1FW), and CAM acidity increased (0.2 to 0.8 mmol H+/g fresh weight) in leaves and pseudobulbs of most species including C3 orchids after 7 weeks of DRML, but to lesser extent in B. membranaceum.

Conclusion: In the six native orchid species tested, osmoregulation by proline and CAM expression were adaptive responses to maintain photosynthesis under drought stress. Expression of CAM is a significant adaptive mechanism to drought in both C3 and CAM orchids. For C3 B. membranaceum, this CAM activity is best described as ‘CAM-idling’. We propose that any future work in understanding adaptive responses in Singapore’s native epiphytic orchids to periodic water deficit should also analyse the significance of CAM plasticity on water conservation within the plant and the regulation of CAM by prevailing water status and light intensity.
Published in Botanical Studies (2019) 60:7

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-019-0255-0
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''Bulbophyllum macranthum f. alboviride, eine neue Farbform – in Vietnam gefunden''

4/30/2019

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Nguyen Hoang Tuan, Olaf Gruß & Chu Xuân Can

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Bulbophyllum macranthum f. alboviride     Photo: N. H. Tuan
Abstract: A new colorform of Bulbophyllum macranthum RCHB. F. was found in Vietnam. The white to greenish colorform without any red or pink coloration is described as Bulbophyllum macranthum forma alboviride.

The new forma is similar to the typical forma Bulbophyllum macranthum RCHB. F., Edwards’s Botanical Register 30: t. 13, 1844, but the new forma differs by the color.
The sepals, petals and the lip are greenish white without any red coloration.

Published in Die Orchidee 5(04), 2019/E-Paper
https://orchidee.de/e-paper/taxonomische-mitteilungen/

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''Bulbophyllum thydoii, a new species from Hon Ba Nature Reserve in Vietnam''

4/29/2019

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Ba Vuong Truong, Quang Tam Truong, Jan Ponert & Jaap J. Vermeulen

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Bulbophyllum thydoii     Photos: Jan Ponert
Abstract: Bulbophyllum thydoii is described as a new species of sect. Brachyantha. This species is morphologically close to Bulbophyllum umbellatum and differs by the synanthous inflorescence, petals which proximally do not overlap with the lateral sepals and larger flowers with median sepal 15 - 20 mm long.

Bulbophyllum thydoii resembles Bulb. umbellatum LINDL., Genera and species of Orchidaceous plants: 56, 1830, and Bulb. elatum (HOOK. F.) J. J. SM., Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg ser. 2, 8: 23, 1912. It differs by the synanthous inflorescences (heteranthous in Bulb. umbellatum and Bulb. elatum), and by the petals which do not touch the lateral sepals proximally (overlapping with the lateral sepals in Bulb. umbellatum and Bulb. elatum). In addition, Bulb. thydoii has larger flowers than Bulb. umbellatum (median sepal 15 – 20 mm long, versus ca. 9 mm long).

It grows on trunk or branches, usually associated with Cleisocentron klossii (RIDL.) GARAY, Campanulorchis longipes (GAGNEP.) J. PONERT, Eria lactiflora AVER. and Mycaranthes floribunda (D. DON) S. C. CHEN et J. J. WOOD. Flowering time March until late of March.

Published in Die Orchidee 5(06), 2019/E-Paper
https://orchidee.de/e-paper/taxonomische-mitteilungen/

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''Four New Combinations of the Genera Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) from the Philippines''

4/26/2019

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Mark Arcebal K. Naive, Michael A. Calaramo & Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro
Abstract: Three new combinations under the genus Bulbophyllum and one new combination under the genus Dendrobium are proposed. This work is aimed to solve the ambiguity in the Philippine Orchidaceae. 
Introduction: Recent studies (Hosseini & Dadkhah 2016, Hosseini et al. 2016, Pridgeon et al. 2014, Schuiteman 2011, Xiang et al. 2013) have proposed that Epicrianthes Blume and Euphlebium (Kraenzl.) Brieger should be treated as congeneric with Bulbophyllum Thouars and Dendrobium Sw., respectively. Most names under Epicrianthes and Euphlebium were transferred already to Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium. However, Epicrianthes charishampeliae Cabactulan, M.Leon, Cootes & R.B.Pimentel (Bulbophyllum charishampeliae (Cabactulan, M.Leon, Cootes & R.B.Pimentel) Naive & Alejandro, comb. nov.), Epicrianthes jimcootesii Cabactulan, M.Leon & R.B.Pimentel (Bulbophyllum jimcootesii (Cabactulan, M.Leon & R.B.Pimentel) Naive & Alejandro, comb. nov.), Epicrianthes neilkonradii Cabactulan, Cootes (Bulbophyllum neilkonradii (Cabactulan, Cootes, M.Leon & R.B.Pimentel) Naive & Alejandro, comb. nov), M.Leon & R.B.Pimentel and Euphlebium elineae Calaramo, Naive, Cootes, H.Nuytemans & J.C.Martyr have not yet been formally transferred. Here we propose the combination of these four species under the genera Bulbophyllum and Dendrobium.
Published in LANKESTERIANA 19(1): 21—22. (2019)
http://www.lankesteriana.org
​doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/lank.v19i1.37029
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''Clade-age-dependent diversification under high species turnover shapes species richness disparities among tropical rainforest lineages of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae)''

4/24/2019

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Alexander Gamisch & Hans Peter Comes

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Background: Tropical rainforests (TRFs) harbour almost half of the world’s vascular plant species diversity while covering only about 6–7% of land. However, why species richness varies amongst the Earth’s major TRF regions remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the evolutionary processes shaping continental species richness disparities of the pantropical, epiphytic and mostly TRF-dwelling orchid mega- genus Bulbophyllum (c. 1948 spp. in total) using diversification analyses based on a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny (including c. 45–50% spp. each from Madagascar, Africa, Neotropics, and 8.4% from the Asia-Pacific region), coupled with ecological niche modelling (ENM) of geographic distributions under present and past (Last Glacial Maximum; LGM) conditions.

Results: Our results suggest an early-to-late Miocene scenario of ‘out-of-Asia-Pacific’ origin and progressive, dispersal-mediated diversification in Madagascar, Africa and the Neotropics, respectively. Species richness disparities amongst these four TRF lineages are best explained by a time-for-speciation (i.e. clade age) effect rather than differences in net diversification or diversity-dependent diversification due to present or past spatial-bioclimatic limits. For each well-sampled lineage (Madagascar, Africa, Neotropics), we inferred high rates of speciation and extinction over time (i.e. high species turnover), yet with the origin of most extant species falling into the Quaternary. In contrast to predictions of classical ‘glacial refuge’ theories, all four lineages experienced dramatic range expansions during the LGM.

Conclusion: As the Madagascan, African and Neotropical lineages display constant-rate evolution since their origin (early-to-mid-Miocene), Quaternary environmental change might be a less important cause of their high species turnover than intrinsic features generally conferring rapid population turnover in tropical orchids (e.g., epiphytism, specialization on pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi, wind dispersal). Nonetheless, climate-induced range fluctuations during the Quaternary could still have played an influential role in the origination and extinction of Bulbophyllum species in those three, if not in all four TRF regions.
Published in H.P. BMC Evol Biol (2019) 19: 93.
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doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1416-1
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